The EU Nickel Directive revisited—future steps towards better protection against nickel allergy
Identifieur interne : 000101 ( France/Analysis ); précédent : 000100; suivant : 000102The EU Nickel Directive revisited—future steps towards better protection against nickel allergy
Auteurs : Jacob P. Thyssen [Danemark] ; Wolfgang Uter [Allemagne] ; John Mcfadden [Royaume-Uni] ; Torkil Menné [Danemark] ; Radoslaw Spiewak [Pologne] ; Martine Vigan [France] ; Ana Gimenez-Arnau [Espagne] ; Carola Lidén [Suède]Source :
- Contact Dermatitis [ 0105-1873 ] ; 2011-03.
Descripteurs français
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Allergy, Cobalt, Consumer items, Consumer nickel exposure, Contact dermatitis, Danish nickel regulation, Dermatitis, Dermatitis patients, Directive, European countries, Full force, General population, Jewellery, Johansen, John wiley sons contact dermatitis, Menn, Nickel, Nickel allergy, Nickel dermatitis, Nickel directive, Nickel directive thyssen, Nickel exposure, Nickel regulation, Nickel release, Recent study, Reference test method, Regulatory intervention, Safety directive, Sensitization, Skin contact, Thyssen.
- Teeft :
- Allergy, Cobalt, Consumer items, Consumer nickel exposure, Contact dermatitis, Danish nickel regulation, Dermatitis, Dermatitis patients, Directive, European countries, Full force, General population, Jewellery, Johansen, John wiley sons contact dermatitis, Menn, Nickel, Nickel allergy, Nickel dermatitis, Nickel directive, Nickel directive thyssen, Nickel exposure, Nickel regulation, Nickel release, Recent study, Reference test method, Regulatory intervention, Safety directive, Sensitization, Skin contact, Thyssen.
Abstract
In July 2001, the EU Nickel Directive came into full force to protect European citizens against nickel allergy and dermatitis. Prior to this intervention, Northern European governments had already begun to regulate consumer nickel exposure. According to part 2 of the EU Nickel Directive and the Danish nickel regulation, consumer items intended to be in direct and prolonged contact with the skin were not allowed to release more than 0.5 µg nickel/cm2/week. It was considered unlikely that nickel allergy would disappear altogether as a proportion of individuals reacted below the level defined by the EU Nickel Directive. Despite this, the EU Nickel Directive part 2 was expected to work as an operational limit that would sufficiently protect European consumers against nickel allergy and dermatitis. This review presents the accumulation of epidemiological studies that evaluated the possible effect of this major public health intervention. Also, it evaluates recent exposure assessment studies that have been performed using the dimethyl glyoxime test. It is concluded that the EU Nickel Directive has started to change the epidemiology of nickel allergy in Europe but it should be revisited to better protect consumers and workers since nickel allergy and dermatitis remain very frequent.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01852.x
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Danemark, Espagne, France, Pologne, Royaume-Uni, Suède
- Bavière, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Catalogne, District de Moyenne-Franconie, Franche-Comté
- Barcelone, Besançon, Erlangen
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ISTEX:F9C3D47E0155081AB755CE048E6E62D18229AA5ALe document en format XML
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wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Dermatology and Therapeutic Cosmetology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30‐900 Krakow</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>30‐900 Krakow</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vigan, Martine" sort="Vigan, Martine" uniqKey="Vigan M" first="Martine" last="Vigan">Martine Vigan</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Dermato‐Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint Jacques, F‐25030 Besançon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Franche-Comté</region><settlement type="city">Besançon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gimenez Rnau, Ana" sort="Gimenez Rnau, Ana" uniqKey="Gimenez Rnau A" first="Ana" last="Gimenez-Arnau">Ana Gimenez-Arnau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma, 08000 Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liden, Carola" sort="Liden, Carola" uniqKey="Liden C" first="Carola" last="Lidén">Carola Lidén</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE‐171 77 Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SE‐171 77 Stockholm</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Contact Dermatitis</title><title level="j" type="alt">CONTACT DERMATITIS</title><idno type="ISSN">0105-1873</idno><idno type="eISSN">1600-0536</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">64</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="121">121</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="125">125</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">5</biblScope><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-03">2011-03</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0105-1873</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0105-1873</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Allergy</term><term>Cobalt</term><term>Consumer items</term><term>Consumer nickel exposure</term><term>Contact dermatitis</term><term>Danish nickel regulation</term><term>Dermatitis</term><term>Dermatitis patients</term><term>Directive</term><term>European countries</term><term>Full force</term><term>General population</term><term>Jewellery</term><term>Johansen</term><term>John wiley sons contact dermatitis</term><term>Menn</term><term>Nickel</term><term>Nickel allergy</term><term>Nickel dermatitis</term><term>Nickel directive</term><term>Nickel directive thyssen</term><term>Nickel exposure</term><term>Nickel regulation</term><term>Nickel release</term><term>Recent study</term><term>Reference test method</term><term>Regulatory intervention</term><term>Safety directive</term><term>Sensitization</term><term>Skin contact</term><term>Thyssen</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Allergy</term><term>Cobalt</term><term>Consumer items</term><term>Consumer nickel exposure</term><term>Contact dermatitis</term><term>Danish nickel regulation</term><term>Dermatitis</term><term>Dermatitis patients</term><term>Directive</term><term>European countries</term><term>Full force</term><term>General population</term><term>Jewellery</term><term>Johansen</term><term>John wiley sons contact dermatitis</term><term>Menn</term><term>Nickel</term><term>Nickel allergy</term><term>Nickel dermatitis</term><term>Nickel directive</term><term>Nickel directive thyssen</term><term>Nickel exposure</term><term>Nickel regulation</term><term>Nickel release</term><term>Recent study</term><term>Reference test method</term><term>Regulatory intervention</term><term>Safety directive</term><term>Sensitization</term><term>Skin contact</term><term>Thyssen</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Allergie</term><term>Cobalt</term><term>Directive</term><term>Nickel</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In July 2001, the EU Nickel Directive came into full force to protect European citizens against nickel allergy and dermatitis. Prior to this intervention, Northern European governments had already begun to regulate consumer nickel exposure. According to part 2 of the EU Nickel Directive and the Danish nickel regulation, consumer items intended to be in direct and prolonged contact with the skin were not allowed to release more than 0.5 µg nickel/cm2/week. It was considered unlikely that nickel allergy would disappear altogether as a proportion of individuals reacted below the level defined by the EU Nickel Directive. Despite this, the EU Nickel Directive part 2 was expected to work as an operational limit that would sufficiently protect European consumers against nickel allergy and dermatitis. This review presents the accumulation of epidemiological studies that evaluated the possible effect of this major public health intervention. Also, it evaluates recent exposure assessment studies that have been performed using the dimethyl glyoxime test. It is concluded that the EU Nickel Directive has started to change the epidemiology of nickel allergy in Europe but it should be revisited to better protect consumers and workers since nickel allergy and dermatitis remain very frequent.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Pologne</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Suède</li></country><region><li>Bavière</li><li>Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>District de Moyenne-Franconie</li><li>Franche-Comté</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>Besançon</li><li>Erlangen</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Thyssen, Jacob P" sort="Thyssen, Jacob P" uniqKey="Thyssen J" first="Jacob P." last="Thyssen">Jacob P. 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